ABC  ATP-binding cassette  AKT  V-Akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog  ALDH1  aldehyde dehydrogenase 1  AR  androgen receptor  Bad  Bcl-2-associated death promoter  Bak  Bcl-2 homologous antagonist killer  Bax  Bcl-2-associated X protein  Bcl-2  B-cell lymphoma  Bcl-xL  Bcl-extra large  Bcl-xs  Bcl-extra short  BCRP  breast cancer resistance protein  Bid  BH3 interacting domain death agonist  Bik  Bcl-2-interacting killer  BNIP3  Bcl2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3  CAF  cancer-associated fibroblast  CAIX  carbonic anhydrase IX  cFLIP  cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein  ChIP  chromatin immunoprecipitation  CI  Combination Index  cIAP1/2  cellular IAP1/2  CML  chronic myelogenous leukemia  CSC  cancer stem cell  DISC  death-inducing signaling complex  DR  death receptor  DRI  Dose Reduction Index  ECM  extracellular matrix  EMT  epithelial-mesenchymal transition  EpCAM  epithelial cell adhesion molecule  GLUT  glucose transporter  GSK3β  glycogen synthase kinase-3β  HIF-1  hypoxia inducible factor-1  HSF1  heat shock factor 1  HSP  heat shock protein  IAP  inhibitor of apoptosis protein  JNK  c-JUN N-terminal kinase  MAPK  mitogen-activated protein kinase  Mcl-1  myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein  MDM2  murine double minute 2  MDR  multidrug resistance  MKP  MAPK phosphatase  MRP1  multidrug resistance protein 1  NF-κB  nuclear factor-kappaB  pAkt  phosphor-Akt  PARP  poly ADP-ribose polymerase  P-gp  P-glycoprotein  PI3K-PTEN  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-phosphatase and tensin homolog  PKC  phosphorylated at Ser9 by protein kinase C  pp2A  protein phosphatase 2A  REST  repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor  SAR  structure-activity relationship  TAM  tumor-associated macrophage  TFIIH  transcription factor IIH  TKI  tyrosine kinase inhibitor  TM  tumor-microenvironment  TRAIL/Apo-2L  TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand  tRXRα  the N-terminal truncated form of the nuclear retinoid X receptor-α  TWHF  Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F  VEGF  vascular endothelial growth factor  XIAP  X-linked IAP  XPB  xerodermapigmentosum group B protein  Triptolide  Antineoplastic  Resistance  Sensitization  Mechanism  

OS  osteosarcoma  PI3K  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase  PTEN  phosphatase and tensin homolog  mTOR  mammalian target of rapamycin  RTKs  receptor tyrosine kinases  PDGFR  platelet-derived growth factor receptor  IGF1R  insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor  PIP2  phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate  PIP3  phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate  PDK1  phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1  PH  pleckstrin homology  CDK  cyclin-dependent kinase  NF-κB  nuclear factor-κB  MDM2  Murine double minute 2  Rb  retinoblastoma  CSCs  cancer stem cells  CXCR7  CXC chemokine receptor 7  GA  gallic acid  miRNAs  microRNAs  TNF  tumor necrosis factor  HIF-1  hypoxia-inducible factor-1  ET-1  endothelin-1  ETAR  endothelin A receptor  MMP  matrix metalloproteinase.  OS  PI3K  Akt  PTEN  mTOR