A1c  glycated hemoglobin  AACE  American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists  ACC  acetyl-CoA carboxylase  ADA  American Diabetes Association  Akt/PKB  tyrosine kinase/protein kinase B  AMP  adenosine monophosphate  AMPK  adenosine monophosphate-activated protein  Ang II  angiotensin II  ATP  adenosine triphosphate  BAT  brown adipose tissue  CHOP  CEBP-homologous protein  CEBP  CCAAT enhancer binding protein  CoA  coenzyme A  DPP  Diabetes Prevention Program  EASD  European Association for the Study of Diabetes  eNOS  endothelial nitric oxide synthase  ER  endoplasmic reticulum  FDA  Food and Drug Administration  FFA  free fatty acid  FOXO1  forkhead box protein O1  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate  GDM  gestational diabetes mellitus  GIPR  glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor  GLP-1R  glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor  GLUT1  glucose transporter-1  GLUT4  glucose transporter type 4  GLUTs  glucose transporters  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate, glucose transporter-1  GPR40  G protein-coupled receptor 40  HbA1c  hemoglobin A1c  HGP  hepatic glucose production  HSL  hormone sensitive lipase  IL-6  interleukin 6  INS-1  insulinoma cells in rat  IR  insulin resistance  IRS-1  insulin receptor substrate 1  JNK  c-Jun. N-terminal kinase  Kir6.2  inwardly rectifying potassium/kalium channel  LDs  lipid droplets  LDL  low density lipoprotein  LV  left ventricular  MIN6 cells  mouse insulinoma cells  MAPK  mitogen-activated protein kinases  mPTP  mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening  mTOR  mammalian target of rapamycin  NADPH  nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate  NF-kappaB  nuclear factors-kappa B  NIT-1 cells  insulinoma cells  p70S6K  p70 ribosomal S6 kinase  PA  palmitic acid  NOS  NADPH oxidase  p38 MAPK  p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase  PA  palmitic acid  PCOS  polycystic ovary syndrome  PGC-1α  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g coactivator-1α  PI3K  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase  PKB  protein kinase B  PKC  protein kinase C  PPARα  peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor α  PTP  permeability transition pore  RCT  randomized controlled trial  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  ROS  reactive oxygen species  SERCA2  reticulum sarcoplasmic Ca2 +-ATPase  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  Smad3  mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3  SRC-2  steroid receptor coactivator 2  T1DM  Type 1 diabetes mellitus  T2DM  Type 2 diabetes mellitus  TGFβ1  transforming growth factor β1  TLR4  Toll-like receptor  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor α  TR4  testicular receptor 4  UKPDS  United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study  VLDL  very low density lipoprotein  Metformin  Pancreatic β Cells  Heart failure  Insulin sensitizer  

ACTH  Adrenocorticotropic hormone  AIF  Apoptosis inducing factor  AKI  Acute kidney injury  BMSC  Bone marrow derived stem cells  CIN  Contrast-induced nephropathy  COMP-Ang1  Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein-angiopoietin-1  CysLT1R  Cysteinyl leukotriene-1 receptor  DMARD  Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs  eNOS  Endothelial nitric oxide synthase  eEPCs  Endothelial progenitor cells  HDAC  Histone deacetylase  HSPC  Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells  IRI  Ischemia–reperfusion injury  ICAM-1  Intercellular adhesion molecule-1  JNK  c-Jun N-terminal kinase  KIF3B  Kinesin family member 3B  KIM-1  Kidney injury molecule 1  MAPK  Mitogen-activated protein kinase  MCP-1  Monocyte chemotactic protein-1  α-MSH  Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone  MFG-E8  Milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor-factor VIII  MPT  Mitochondrial permeability transition  MSCs  Mesenchymal stem cells  NGAL  Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin  MDM2  Murine double minute-2  MMP-2  Matrix metallopeptidase 2  mTOR  Mammalian target of rapamycin  PI3K  Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase  PACAP  Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide  RAAS  Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system  RANTES  Regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted  RIP1  Receptor-interacting protein 1  TNF-α  Tumor necrosis factor-alpha  TWEAK  TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis  VDRA  Vitamin D receptor agonist  Acute kidney injury  Kidney protection  Kidney repair  Renoprotection  Ischemia–reperfusion  Nephrotoxicity  

miR-23a  Twist  tongue squamous cell carcinoma  chemoresistance  cisplatin  c-Jun N-terminal kinase  apoptosis  

Bim  apoptosis  apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1  c-Jun N-terminal kinase  casticin  colon cancer  reactive oxygen species  

AMPK  AMP-activated protein kinase  CaMKKβ  Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-β  C/EBPβ  CAAT enhancer-binding protein β  CHOP  C/EBP homologous protein  ER  endoplasmic reticulum  ERAD  ER-associated protein degradation  ERSE  ER stress element  ETC  electron transport chain  GRP75  glucose-regulated protein 75  HFD  high fat diet  HSPs  heat-shock proteins  JNK  c-Jun N-terminal kinase  MAD  mitochondria-associated protein degradation  mtHSP60  mitochondrial HSP60  mtHsp70  mitochondrial HSP70  mTORC1  mammalian target of rapamycin signaling complex 1  MURE1  Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response Element 1  MURE2  Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response Element 2  NAFLD  nonalcoholic fatty liver disease  NDUFB2  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2  OXPHOS  oxidative phosphorylation  PEPCK  phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase  PGC-1α  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α  QC  quality control  ROS  reactive oxygen species  TGs  triglycerides  UPRer  ER-specific unfolded protein response  UPRmt  mitochondrial unfolded protein response  Insulin resistance  Diabetes  Mitochondria  ER stress  Unfolded protein response