ABC  ATP-binding cassette  AKT  V-Akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog  ALDH1  aldehyde dehydrogenase 1  AR  androgen receptor  Bad  Bcl-2-associated death promoter  Bak  Bcl-2 homologous antagonist killer  Bax  Bcl-2-associated X protein  Bcl-2  B-cell lymphoma  Bcl-xL  Bcl-extra large  Bcl-xs  Bcl-extra short  BCRP  breast cancer resistance protein  Bid  BH3 interacting domain death agonist  Bik  Bcl-2-interacting killer  BNIP3  Bcl2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3  CAF  cancer-associated fibroblast  CAIX  carbonic anhydrase IX  cFLIP  cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein  ChIP  chromatin immunoprecipitation  CI  Combination Index  cIAP1/2  cellular IAP1/2  CML  chronic myelogenous leukemia  CSC  cancer stem cell  DISC  death-inducing signaling complex  DR  death receptor  DRI  Dose Reduction Index  ECM  extracellular matrix  EMT  epithelial-mesenchymal transition  EpCAM  epithelial cell adhesion molecule  GLUT  glucose transporter  GSK3β  glycogen synthase kinase-3β  HIF-1  hypoxia inducible factor-1  HSF1  heat shock factor 1  HSP  heat shock protein  IAP  inhibitor of apoptosis protein  JNK  c-JUN N-terminal kinase  MAPK  mitogen-activated protein kinase  Mcl-1  myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein  MDM2  murine double minute 2  MDR  multidrug resistance  MKP  MAPK phosphatase  MRP1  multidrug resistance protein 1  NF-κB  nuclear factor-kappaB  pAkt  phosphor-Akt  PARP  poly ADP-ribose polymerase  P-gp  P-glycoprotein  PI3K-PTEN  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-phosphatase and tensin homolog  PKC  phosphorylated at Ser9 by protein kinase C  pp2A  protein phosphatase 2A  REST  repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor  SAR  structure-activity relationship  TAM  tumor-associated macrophage  TFIIH  transcription factor IIH  TKI  tyrosine kinase inhibitor  TM  tumor-microenvironment  TRAIL/Apo-2L  TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand  tRXRα  the N-terminal truncated form of the nuclear retinoid X receptor-α  TWHF  Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F  VEGF  vascular endothelial growth factor  XIAP  X-linked IAP  XPB  xerodermapigmentosum group B protein  Triptolide  Antineoplastic  Resistance  Sensitization  Mechanism  

A1c  glycated hemoglobin  AACE  American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists  ACC  acetyl-CoA carboxylase  ADA  American Diabetes Association  Akt/PKB  tyrosine kinase/protein kinase B  AMP  adenosine monophosphate  AMPK  adenosine monophosphate-activated protein  Ang II  angiotensin II  ATP  adenosine triphosphate  BAT  brown adipose tissue  CHOP  CEBP-homologous protein  CEBP  CCAAT enhancer binding protein  CoA  coenzyme A  DPP  Diabetes Prevention Program  EASD  European Association for the Study of Diabetes  eNOS  endothelial nitric oxide synthase  ER  endoplasmic reticulum  FDA  Food and Drug Administration  FFA  free fatty acid  FOXO1  forkhead box protein O1  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate  GDM  gestational diabetes mellitus  GIPR  glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor  GLP-1R  glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor  GLUT1  glucose transporter-1  GLUT4  glucose transporter type 4  GLUTs  glucose transporters  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate, glucose transporter-1  GPR40  G protein-coupled receptor 40  HbA1c  hemoglobin A1c  HGP  hepatic glucose production  HSL  hormone sensitive lipase  IL-6  interleukin 6  INS-1  insulinoma cells in rat  IR  insulin resistance  IRS-1  insulin receptor substrate 1  JNK  c-Jun. N-terminal kinase  Kir6.2  inwardly rectifying potassium/kalium channel  LDs  lipid droplets  LDL  low density lipoprotein  LV  left ventricular  MIN6 cells  mouse insulinoma cells  MAPK  mitogen-activated protein kinases  mPTP  mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening  mTOR  mammalian target of rapamycin  NADPH  nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate  NF-kappaB  nuclear factors-kappa B  NIT-1 cells  insulinoma cells  p70S6K  p70 ribosomal S6 kinase  PA  palmitic acid  NOS  NADPH oxidase  p38 MAPK  p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase  PA  palmitic acid  PCOS  polycystic ovary syndrome  PGC-1α  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g coactivator-1α  PI3K  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase  PKB  protein kinase B  PKC  protein kinase C  PPARα  peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor α  PTP  permeability transition pore  RCT  randomized controlled trial  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  ROS  reactive oxygen species  SERCA2  reticulum sarcoplasmic Ca2 +-ATPase  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  Smad3  mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3  SRC-2  steroid receptor coactivator 2  T1DM  Type 1 diabetes mellitus  T2DM  Type 2 diabetes mellitus  TGFβ1  transforming growth factor β1  TLR4  Toll-like receptor  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor α  TR4  testicular receptor 4  UKPDS  United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study  VLDL  very low density lipoprotein  Metformin  Pancreatic β Cells  Heart failure  Insulin sensitizer  

NO  nitric oxide  PGE2  prostaglandin E2  NSAIDs  non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs  qRT-PCR  quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction  LPS  lipopolysaccharide  IFN-γ  interferon γ  G-CSF  granulocyte colony stimulating factor  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor-α  IL-1β  interleukin-1β  IL-6  interleukin-6  MCP-1  monocyte chemoattractant protein-1  NF-κB  Nuclear factor-κB  IκB  inhibitory protein  IKK  IκB kinase  RPS3  ribosomal protein S3  iNOS  inducible nitric oxide synthase  COX-2  cyclooxygenase-2  PGESs  prostaglandin E2 synthases  mPGES-1  microsomal prostaglandin synthetase-1  mPGES-2  microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-2  cPGES  cytosolic prostaglandin E synthase  MAPK  mitogen-activated protein kinases  ERK  extracellular signal-regulated kinase  JNK  c- Jun N-terminal kinase  PGI2  prostacyclin I2  PGD2  prostaglandin D2  PGF2α  prostaglandin F2α  TXA2  thromboxane A2  Stauntoside B (PubChem CID: 101010462)  Stauntoside B  Cynanchi stauntonii  Lipopolysaccharide  Anti-inflammatory activity  NF-κB  MAPK  

*JNK inhibitors  *c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathway  *matrix metalloproteinase  *mitogen-activated protein kinase  *osteosarcoma  

Insulin,Colorectal cancer,Type 2 diabetes,MAPK signaling cascades,Mouse models,Apoptosis,Colon,Insulin signaling