facial expression  confusion  FFA  LPP  delta rhythm  

FFA1 agonist  2,3-Dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxine  Insulin secretion  Type 2 diabetes mellitus  

FFA release  LSOPC  digestion  hypolipidemic  sub-micrometer emulsion  

A-type procyanidins  Oxidative stress  Glucose homeostasis  Type 2 diabetes  mTOR  ACC1  acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1  ACL  ATP-citrate lyase  ALT  alanine aminotransferase  AST  aspartate aminotransferase  AUC  area under curve  BAT  brown adipose tissue  FAS  fatty acid synthase  FFA  free fatty acid  FoxO3a  Forkhead box O3a  FoxO1a  Forkhead box O3a  PKCβ  protein kinase C β  mTOR  mechanistic target of rapamycin  HDL  high-density lipoprotein  GHbA1c  glycated hemoglobin A1c  GK  glucokinase  G-6-Pase  glucose-6-phosphatase  GLP-1  glucagon-like peptide-1  GSH-PX  total glutathione peroxidase  HOMA-IR  homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance  LDHA  lactate dehydrogenase  LDL  low-density lipoprotein  LPOPC  oligomeric procyanidins of litchi pericarp  MDA  malondialdehyde  MnSOD  manganese superoxide dismutase  mTOR  mechanistic target of rapamycin  OGTT  oral glucose tolerance test  PDH  pyruvate dehydrogenase  PEPCK  phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase  PFK  phosphofructokinase  PK  pyruvate kinase  PKCβ  protein kinase C β  PPG  postprandial blood glucose  S6K1  S6 Kinase 1  PKCβ  protein kinase C β  RTK  receptor tyrosine kinase  SREBP-1c  sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c  ACL  ATP-citrate lyase  ACC1  acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1  FAS  fatty acid synthase  SCD1  stearoyl CoA desaturase 1  STZ  streptozotocin  S6K1  S6 kinase 1  PPG  postprandial blood glucose  ROS  reactive oxygen species  TC  total cholesterol  TG  triacylglycerol  STZ  streptozotocin  T-AOC  total antioxidant capacity  T-SOD  total superoxide dismutase  UCP-1  uncoupling protein 1  WAT  white adipose tissue  XOS  xylo-oligosaccharides  

A1c  glycated hemoglobin  AACE  American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists  ACC  acetyl-CoA carboxylase  ADA  American Diabetes Association  Akt/PKB  tyrosine kinase/protein kinase B  AMP  adenosine monophosphate  AMPK  adenosine monophosphate-activated protein  Ang II  angiotensin II  ATP  adenosine triphosphate  BAT  brown adipose tissue  CHOP  CEBP-homologous protein  CEBP  CCAAT enhancer binding protein  CoA  coenzyme A  DPP  Diabetes Prevention Program  EASD  European Association for the Study of Diabetes  eNOS  endothelial nitric oxide synthase  ER  endoplasmic reticulum  FDA  Food and Drug Administration  FFA  free fatty acid  FOXO1  forkhead box protein O1  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate  GDM  gestational diabetes mellitus  GIPR  glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor  GLP-1R  glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor  GLUT1  glucose transporter-1  GLUT4  glucose transporter type 4  GLUTs  glucose transporters  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate, glucose transporter-1  GPR40  G protein-coupled receptor 40  HbA1c  hemoglobin A1c  HGP  hepatic glucose production  HSL  hormone sensitive lipase  IL-6  interleukin 6  INS-1  insulinoma cells in rat  IR  insulin resistance  IRS-1  insulin receptor substrate 1  JNK  c-Jun. N-terminal kinase  Kir6.2  inwardly rectifying potassium/kalium channel  LDs  lipid droplets  LDL  low density lipoprotein  LV  left ventricular  MIN6 cells  mouse insulinoma cells  MAPK  mitogen-activated protein kinases  mPTP  mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening  mTOR  mammalian target of rapamycin  NADPH  nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate  NF-kappaB  nuclear factors-kappa B  NIT-1 cells  insulinoma cells  p70S6K  p70 ribosomal S6 kinase  PA  palmitic acid  NOS  NADPH oxidase  p38 MAPK  p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase  PA  palmitic acid  PCOS  polycystic ovary syndrome  PGC-1α  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g coactivator-1α  PI3K  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase  PKB  protein kinase B  PKC  protein kinase C  PPARα  peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor α  PTP  permeability transition pore  RCT  randomized controlled trial  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  ROS  reactive oxygen species  SERCA2  reticulum sarcoplasmic Ca2 +-ATPase  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  Smad3  mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3  SRC-2  steroid receptor coactivator 2  T1DM  Type 1 diabetes mellitus  T2DM  Type 2 diabetes mellitus  TGFβ1  transforming growth factor β1  TLR4  Toll-like receptor  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor α  TR4  testicular receptor 4  UKPDS  United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study  VLDL  very low density lipoprotein  Metformin  Pancreatic β Cells  Heart failure  Insulin sensitizer