A1c  glycated hemoglobin  AACE  American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists  ACC  acetyl-CoA carboxylase  ADA  American Diabetes Association  Akt/PKB  tyrosine kinase/protein kinase B  AMP  adenosine monophosphate  AMPK  adenosine monophosphate-activated protein  Ang II  angiotensin II  ATP  adenosine triphosphate  BAT  brown adipose tissue  CHOP  CEBP-homologous protein  CEBP  CCAAT enhancer binding protein  CoA  coenzyme A  DPP  Diabetes Prevention Program  EASD  European Association for the Study of Diabetes  eNOS  endothelial nitric oxide synthase  ER  endoplasmic reticulum  FDA  Food and Drug Administration  FFA  free fatty acid  FOXO1  forkhead box protein O1  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate  GDM  gestational diabetes mellitus  GIPR  glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor  GLP-1R  glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor  GLUT1  glucose transporter-1  GLUT4  glucose transporter type 4  GLUTs  glucose transporters  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate, glucose transporter-1  GPR40  G protein-coupled receptor 40  HbA1c  hemoglobin A1c  HGP  hepatic glucose production  HSL  hormone sensitive lipase  IL-6  interleukin 6  INS-1  insulinoma cells in rat  IR  insulin resistance  IRS-1  insulin receptor substrate 1  JNK  c-Jun. N-terminal kinase  Kir6.2  inwardly rectifying potassium/kalium channel  LDs  lipid droplets  LDL  low density lipoprotein  LV  left ventricular  MIN6 cells  mouse insulinoma cells  MAPK  mitogen-activated protein kinases  mPTP  mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening  mTOR  mammalian target of rapamycin  NADPH  nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate  NF-kappaB  nuclear factors-kappa B  NIT-1 cells  insulinoma cells  p70S6K  p70 ribosomal S6 kinase  PA  palmitic acid  NOS  NADPH oxidase  p38 MAPK  p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase  PA  palmitic acid  PCOS  polycystic ovary syndrome  PGC-1α  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g coactivator-1α  PI3K  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase  PKB  protein kinase B  PKC  protein kinase C  PPARα  peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor α  PTP  permeability transition pore  RCT  randomized controlled trial  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  ROS  reactive oxygen species  SERCA2  reticulum sarcoplasmic Ca2 +-ATPase  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  Smad3  mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3  SRC-2  steroid receptor coactivator 2  T1DM  Type 1 diabetes mellitus  T2DM  Type 2 diabetes mellitus  TGFβ1  transforming growth factor β1  TLR4  Toll-like receptor  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor α  TR4  testicular receptor 4  UKPDS  United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study  VLDL  very low density lipoprotein  Metformin  Pancreatic β Cells  Heart failure  Insulin sensitizer  

BMC  bone marrow cells  BMM  bone marrow-derived macrophages  DMEM  Dulbecco's modification of Eagle's medium  FBS  fetal bovine serum  HFD  high fat diet  HFD-MetS  high-fat-diet induced metabolic syndrome  miRNA  microRNA  miR-144  microRNA 144  NAFLD  non-alcoholic fatty liver disease  NASH  nonalcoholic steatohepatitis  RT-qPCR  real-time quantitative PCR  TBST  Tris-buffer saline with 0.1% Tween  TLR2  Toll like receptor 2  ELISA  enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay  miR-144  TLR2  Proinflammatory cytokines  Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)  Kupffer cells  High-fat-diet induced metabolic syndrome (HFD-MetS)  

BAFF  B cell-activating factor  BLTK  B lymphoid tyrosine kinase  CCL21  chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2  CK  creatine kinase  DC  dendritic cell  CTD  connective tissue disease  DFS70  dense fine speckled 70  DM  dermatomyositis  HIV  human immunodeficiency virus  HLA  human leukocyte antigen  HMGCR  3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase  HTLV-1  human T cell leukaemia virus  IBM  inclusion body myositis  IFIH1  interferon induced with helicase C domain protein 1  IL  interleukin  IMNM  immune-mediated necrotising myopathies  INF  interferon  IP-10  INFγ-inducible 10-kD protein  ISG15  IFN-stimulated gene 15  I-TAC  IFN-inducible T cell α chemoattractant  LEDGF  lens epithelium-derived growth factor  MAC  membrane attack complex  MCP-1  monocyte chemoattractant protein-1  MCTD  mixed connective tissue disease  MDA5  melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5  MHC  major histocompatibility complex  MIF  macrophage inhibition factor  MIP-1α  macrophage inflammatory protein 1α  miRNA  microRNA  MxA  myxovirus resistance 1 protein  NuRD  nucleosome remodelling deacetylase complex  NXP-2  nuclear matrix protein 2  pDC  plasmacytoid dendritic cell  PKCε  protein kinase C ε type  PLCL1  phospholipase C like-1  PM  polymyositis  PTPN  protein tyrosine phosphatase N22 gene  SRP  signal recognition particle  RNP  ribonuclear protein complex  TIF  transcription intermediary factor  TLR  Toll like receptor  TNF  tumour necrosis factor  VCAM1  vascular cell adhesion molecule 1  VEGF  vascular endothelial growth factor  Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy  Polymyositis  Dermatomyositis  Immune-mediated necrotising myopathy  Autoantibody  

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy  Myeloid-related protein 8  Toll-like receptor 4  Nuclear factor-kappa B  Interleukin-1 beta