A1c  glycated hemoglobin  AACE  American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists  ACC  acetyl-CoA carboxylase  ADA  American Diabetes Association  Akt/PKB  tyrosine kinase/protein kinase B  AMP  adenosine monophosphate  AMPK  adenosine monophosphate-activated protein  Ang II  angiotensin II  ATP  adenosine triphosphate  BAT  brown adipose tissue  CHOP  CEBP-homologous protein  CEBP  CCAAT enhancer binding protein  CoA  coenzyme A  DPP  Diabetes Prevention Program  EASD  European Association for the Study of Diabetes  eNOS  endothelial nitric oxide synthase  ER  endoplasmic reticulum  FDA  Food and Drug Administration  FFA  free fatty acid  FOXO1  forkhead box protein O1  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate  GDM  gestational diabetes mellitus  GIPR  glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor  GLP-1R  glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor  GLUT1  glucose transporter-1  GLUT4  glucose transporter type 4  GLUTs  glucose transporters  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate, glucose transporter-1  GPR40  G protein-coupled receptor 40  HbA1c  hemoglobin A1c  HGP  hepatic glucose production  HSL  hormone sensitive lipase  IL-6  interleukin 6  INS-1  insulinoma cells in rat  IR  insulin resistance  IRS-1  insulin receptor substrate 1  JNK  c-Jun. N-terminal kinase  Kir6.2  inwardly rectifying potassium/kalium channel  LDs  lipid droplets  LDL  low density lipoprotein  LV  left ventricular  MIN6 cells  mouse insulinoma cells  MAPK  mitogen-activated protein kinases  mPTP  mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening  mTOR  mammalian target of rapamycin  NADPH  nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate  NF-kappaB  nuclear factors-kappa B  NIT-1 cells  insulinoma cells  p70S6K  p70 ribosomal S6 kinase  PA  palmitic acid  NOS  NADPH oxidase  p38 MAPK  p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase  PA  palmitic acid  PCOS  polycystic ovary syndrome  PGC-1α  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g coactivator-1α  PI3K  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase  PKB  protein kinase B  PKC  protein kinase C  PPARα  peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor α  PTP  permeability transition pore  RCT  randomized controlled trial  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  ROS  reactive oxygen species  SERCA2  reticulum sarcoplasmic Ca2 +-ATPase  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  Smad3  mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3  SRC-2  steroid receptor coactivator 2  T1DM  Type 1 diabetes mellitus  T2DM  Type 2 diabetes mellitus  TGFβ1  transforming growth factor β1  TLR4  Toll-like receptor  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor α  TR4  testicular receptor 4  UKPDS  United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study  VLDL  very low density lipoprotein  Metformin  Pancreatic β Cells  Heart failure  Insulin sensitizer  

IDD  intervertebral disk degeneration  IL-1  interleukin-1  IVD  intervertebral disk  ECM  extracellular matrix  LBP  low back pain  MMPs  matrix metalloproteinases  NP  nucleus pulposus  AF  annulus fibrosus  Col II  type II collagen  Col I  type I collagen  NTP  N-terminal peptide  NLS  nuclear localization sequence  IL-1RII  IL-1 receptor type II  TLRs  Toll-like receptors  IL-1RI  IL-1 receptor type I  IL-1RAcP  IL-1 receptor accessory protein  TIR  Toll-like/IL-1 receptor  MyD88  myeloid differentiation factor 88  TNF  tumor necrosis factor  NF-κB  nuclear factor-kappa B  MAPK  mitogen-activated protein kinase  IL-1Ra  IL-1 receptor antagonist  IFN-γ  interferon-γ  CCL  CC chemokine ligand  CXCL  CX chemokine ligand  ADAMTSs  a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs  TIMPs  tissues inhibitors of metalloproteinases  VEGF  vascular endothelial growth factor  NGF  nerve growth factor  BDNF  brain-derived neurotrophic factor  ROS  reactive oxygen species  SOD  superoxide dismutase  CAT  catalase  miRNAs  microRNAs  MSCs  mesenchymal stem cells  PRP  platelet-rich plasma  IL-1  IDD  Inflammatory responses  Angiogenesis  Apoptosis  

IVD  intervertebral disc  NP  nucleus pulposus  AF  annulus fibrosus  CEPs  cartilaginous endplates  IDD  intervertebral disc degeneration  ECM  extracellular matrix  miRNAs  microRNAs  RNA pol  RNA polymerase  DGCR8  DiGeorge syndrome critical gene 8  Exp 5  exportin 5  TRBP  transactivating response RNA-binding protein  RISC  RNA-induced silencing complex  Ago  Argonaute  PI3K  phosphoinositide 3-kinase  MAPK  mitogen-activated protein kinase  TGF-β  transforming growth factor-β  PDGF  platelet-derived growth factor  IGF  insulin-like growth factor  EGF  epidermal growth factor  CDKI1B  cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor-α  FADD  Fas-associated death domain-containing protein  Col II  type II collagen  Col I  type I collagen  MMPs  matrix metalloproteinases  ADAMTSs  a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs  Col I  type I collagen  Col II  type II collagen  FGF2  fibroblast growth factor 2  FGFR  fibroblast growth factor receptor  IL-1β  interleukin-1β  NGF  nerve growth factor  HOXD10  homeobox D10  MiRNAs  IDD  NP cells  Apoptosis  Cell proliferation  

IFN-gamma  IFNG  IFNGR1  IFNGR2  Lizard  

NAKED PLASMID DNA  RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS  POSSIBLE MECHANISM  EXPRESSION  ANTAGONIST  FAMILY  LYMPHOCYTES  ANAKINRA  DISEASE  CLONING