| 题名 | 生活垃圾焚烧厂周边大气二恶英类被动采样监测 |
| 作者 | 张芹 |
| 学位类别 | 硕士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2014-05 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 高丽荣 |
| 关键词 | 生活垃圾焚烧 二恶英 多氯联苯 大气 被动采样器 MSWI PCDD/Fs PCBs Air Passive sampling technology |
| 其他题名 | Passive air sampling of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the air near the municipal solid waste incinerators |
| 学位专业 | 环境工程 |
| 中文摘要 | 目前中国垃圾产量巨大，已造成无地可埋的困境。生活垃圾焚烧凭借其减容减量无害化的优势在我国经济发达地区得到了迅速的推广及应用。而生活垃圾焚烧会产生二次污染问题尤其是产生剧毒的二恶英类。进入环境中的二恶英类会通过呼吸暴露等途径对人类产生危害，因此，亟需对我国焚烧厂周边大气开展长周期、大范围的监测。主动采样器观测的是瞬时值，同时常因其需要电力供应而不能多点同时采样及限制了其应用。而近年来，被动采样器因其价格低廉且不需电力供应而得到了较为广泛的应用。但是目前常用的几种被动采样器仍然存在对某些化合物易达到吸附饱和捕集颗粒物中 POPs的能力较差，且易受风速的影响的问题。 本研究开发了两种新型的被动采样器并对其采样效率进行了评价。应用新型的被动采样器在两个生活垃圾焚烧厂周边 开展了二恶英类的监测，以评价PCDD/Fs及 PCBs的污染水平、季节分布特征、时空分布特征，探讨生活垃圾焚烧厂对周边大气的影响。通过系统研究，得出以下结论： 1.本研究通过浸渍的方法开发了XAD-2树脂与PUF复合材料XIP。采样校正实验表明对于 PCDD/Fs及 PCBs，采样 1到 5个月内均处于线性吸附阶段，适合于长周期样品的采集。同时，本研究开发了新型的双层具孔结构的采样罩，可以最大程度降低风速的影响，同时可以放置两种吸附材料包括玻璃纤维滤膜及PUF（或 XIP）采集颗粒相中及气相中的 PCDD/Fs及 PCBs。吸附效率实验表明玻璃纤维滤膜同时采集到一定量的 PCDD/Fs及 PCBs，整体上新型双层采样罩采样器可以提高 PCDD/Fs及 PCBs的采样效率。 2.本研究在GAT生活垃圾焚烧厂周边布设了 13个被动采样器进行了 2个季度的样品采集，并应用高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱对 PCDD/Fs及 PCBs进行了分析测定。GAT生活垃圾焚烧厂大气样品中夏季和冬季采集的PCDD/Fs浓度范围分别为433-1343fgm-3及516-3942fgm-3。夏季和冬季采集的PCBs浓度范围分别为1699-5366fgm-3及673-3416fgm-3。以上结果与国内外其他研究相比均处于较低的水平。PCDD/Fs浓度均呈现冬季比夏季高的季节分布特征。而PCBs呈现相反的季节分布特征，即夏季高于冬季。周边大气中的 PCDD/Fs具有与在此生活垃圾焚烧厂采集到的烟道气相似的分布特征。PCA结果显示，焚烧厂排放、燃煤及燃烧木材排放是GAT生活垃圾焚烧厂PCDD/Fs主要的源，而对于PCBs，燃煤及燃烧木材排放是主要的源，生活垃圾焚烧厂的贡献则较小。高浓度的DD/Fs和 PCBs基本分布在下风向，而最大浓度并未出现在最大风频处，这可能是与其他污染源的贡献有关。本研究表明GAT生活垃圾焚烧厂排放的PCDD/Fs及PCBs对周边环境的影响较小。 3.本研究在SY生活垃圾焚烧厂周边布设了5个采样点进行了两个季度的 样品采集。SY生活垃圾焚烧厂大气样品夏季和冬季采集的 PCDD/Fs浓度范围分别为328-495fg m-3及202-982fgm-3。夏季及冬季采集的 PCBs浓度范围分别为742-1000fg m-3及626-1417fgm-3，PCDD/Fs均低于GAT焚烧厂周边大气中的浓度且与国内外其他研究相比处于较低的水平。 PCDD/Fs浓度呈现冬季比夏季高的季节分布特征，对于 PCBs，季节分布特征不明显，冬季浓度略高于夏季。PCA结果显示焚烧厂排放是PCDD/Fs的主要的来源。而对于PCBs，燃煤及燃烧木材排放是主要的源，垃圾焚烧厂的贡献较小。 PCDD/Fs的时空分布与风向高度相关，高浓度区域分布在焚烧厂下风向。高浓度 PCBs的区域分布在距离焚烧厂较远区域，说明焚烧厂对周边环境 PCBs的贡献十分有限。本研究表明 SY生活垃圾焚烧厂排放的 PCDD/Fs及 PCBs对周边环境的影响较小。被动采样器适用于生活垃圾焚烧厂周边大气 POPs的长周期、大范围的监测。 |
| 英文摘要 | The municipal solid waste incineration has been widely applied in developed regions of China because of the advantages of detoxification, significant volume and mass reduction. However, the operation of municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs)will cause secondary pollution, especially dioxins emissions. Therefore, it is important to monitor the concentration of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in long period and large scale at present. Active air sampler is relatively expensive, requires source of electricity and can only be used to determine daily pollutant concentrations. Thus the application of active air sampler is limited. Passive air samplers have been widely used for its advantages of low price and power supply-free. However some commonly used passive samplers at present can easily reach equilibrium for some compounds, can not capture POPs in particulate matter effectively and are susceptible to wind speed. In this study, two kinds of passive air samplers were developed and the sampling efficiencies was assessed in this study. The passive air samplers were deployed in the vicinity of two MSWIs to assess the pollution status of PCDD/Fs and PCBs, the seasonal and spatial distribution and the effect of PCDD/Fs and PCBs emitted from the MSWIs. The main results were: 1. A passive air sampler (XIP) comprising a polyurethane foam (PUF) disk impregnated with XAD-2 powder has been developed. The Sampling profiles of the XIP samplers showed that the linear sampling was achieved in 1-5 months and thus suitable for long-time sampling. Meanwhile a new type of double-pore structure with hole sampler was also developed which was designed to reduce the effect of wind speed to the maximum extent. This new type of sampler can also collect pollutants in particulate matter and gas phase using two kinds of sorptive material including PUF (or XIP) and glass fiber filters (GFF). Experiment results showed that GFFs collected a certain amount of PCDD/Fs and PCBs and this new developed sampler can improve sampling efficiency of PCDD/Fs and PCBs. 2. Thirteen passive samplers were deployed near the GAT MSWI in two seasons, and the air samples were analysed for PCDD/Fs and PCBs. The concentrations of 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs (PCDD/Fs) were 433-1343fgm-3 and 516-3942fgm-3 in summer and winter, respectively. The concentrations of PCBs(PCBs) were 1699-5366fgm-3 and 673-3416fgm-3 in summer and winter,respectively. PCDD/F concentrations in the winter were higher than those of summer.While PCBs concentrations in the air near the GAT MSWI in summer were higher than those of winter. The congener profiles of PCDD/Fs in the air samples were similar with that of the stack gas samples from the investigated MSWI. The principal component analysis (PCA) results showed that besides emissions from the MSWI, the domestic burning of coal and wood also contributed to the presence of PCDD/Fs in the ambient air near GAT MSWI. While emissions of domestic burning of coal and wood were main sources of PCBs. Higher PCDD/F and PCB concentrations were observed downwind of the GAT MSWI than in the other directions, but the highest concentrations were not to be found in the direction with the greatest wind frequency which might be caused by emissions from domestic coal and wood burning. 3. Five passive samplers were deployed near the SY MSWI in two seasons, and the air samples were analysed for PCDD/Fs and PCBs. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs in the air around the SY MSWI were 328-495 fgm-3 and 202-982 fgm-3 in summer and winter, which were generally lower than those of GAT MSWI. The concentrations of PCBs in the air around the SY MSWI were 742-1000fgm -3 and 626-1417 fg m -3 in summer and winter, which were lower than those of GAT MSWI. All of the results were much lower than those in other studies. PCDD/F concentrations were higher in the winter than those of summer. Small seasonal variation of PCBs in the air near the SY MSWI was found. The PCA results showed that the emissions from the MSWI was the main contributor to PCDD/Fs near the SY MSWI. Emissions of domestic burning of wood and coal may be the main source of PCBs in the air, while the contribution of the emissions of the MSWIs was negligible. The spatial distribution of PCDD/Fs near SY MSWI depended highly on the wind direction. Higher levels of PCBs in the air near the SY MSWI distributed far away from the MSWI, so the effect of emissions of MSWI was limited. This study demonstrated that the passive air samplers were applicable to the monitoring of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the air near MSWIs. The effect of PCDD/Fs and PCBs emission from the two MSWIs to the ambient air was insiginificant. |
| 公开日期 | 2015-06-15 |
| 内容类型 | 学位论文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.rcees.ac.cn/handle/311016/13466]  |
| 专题 | 生态环境研究中心_环境化学与生态毒理学国家重点实验室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 张芹. 生活垃圾焚烧厂周边大气二恶英类被动采样监测[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2014. |
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