| 题名 | 再生水利用综合效益评估及政策影响研究 |
| 作者 | 范育鹏 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2014-05 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 陈卫平 |
| 关键词 | 再生水 成本效益分析 生命周期分析 环境影响 政策 reclaimed water cost benefit analysis life cycle analysis environmental impact policy |
| 其他题名 | Assessing the Comprehensive Benefits of ReclaimedWater Reuse and Influence of Policies |
| 学位专业 | 生态学 |
| 中文摘要 | 近些年，再生水利用成为解决水资源问题的一个国际性话题，但是由于水资源条件及认识程度不同，不同地区再生水利用及推广状况存在较大差异。我国是一个水资源严重短缺的国家，再生水利用作为解决水资源问题的出路之一正在被广泛关注。城市污水再生利用研究与实践已在北京、天津、大连等诸多缺水城市展开，取得了显著成效。总体来说，我国城市再生水研究和应用仍处于初步发展阶段。本文首先研究了我国现阶段的再生水政策现状及再生水利用水平，接着以北京市再生水利用为例，分析了该区域再生水的利用潜力，研究了再生水回用产生的成本效益、温室气体排放和生命周期能量收益；然后又从典型城市再生水利用政策和利用水平出发，揭示了再生水政策对再生水利用水平的影响。本文主要结论如下： （1）对我国657 个城市的再生水利用情况统计数据分析显示我国目前使用再生水的城市占全国总数的23.4%，还有超过3/4 的城市还未开展再生水利用，在使用再生水的157 个城市中，再生水利用率在0-20%之间的城市有99 个，在20-40%之间的城市有35 个，在40-60%之间的有14 个，大于60%的只有6 个。因此我国再生水利用总体上处于初始阶段。 （2）对我国再生水相关政策进行了归纳总结，发现国家层面和地区层面都出台了一些再生水政策，国家不同部门出台的政策对再生水利用有一定的推动作用，但其权责不甚明晰，效果不太理想。对23 个典型城市自然经济状况、再生水利用政策和再生水利用水平之间进行统计分析，发现区域自然经济状况对再生水利用的影响十分有限，而政策中政策目标、价格机制、和法律责任三个成分对再生水利用的影响很显著，其中政策中的法律责任推动再生水利用的作用最大。为推动我国再生水事业的发展，当地政府应进一步完善和健全其再生水政策，以对再生水的利用做出更好的规范，监督和引导。 （3）构建了再生水利用成本效益分析体系，对北京市2010 年北京市再生水利用成本效益分析的结果显示，其成本为9.96 亿元，效益为18.82 亿元，再生水利用共带来8.86 亿元的净效益。再生水利用带来的生态环境效益达12.0亿元，为其直接售水经济收益的1.8 倍，其中资源效益占据最大比重，说明再生水的首当属性是资源属性；环境效益也非常明显，说明再生水利用技术是环境友好型技术；地下水的效益也相当可观说明再生水可作为地下水的稳定补给源；对人体的效益为负说明需提高再生水的暴露风险管理水平。再生水工程的实施必须要考虑到再生水利用所带来的生态环境效益，考虑到资源稀缺和环境污染这些重大典型的外部性问题，再生水利用是一项符合可持续发展的重大举措，北京市的再生水利用可以为其他城市再生水利用事业发展提供参考。 （4）建立了再生水生产温室气体排放估算方法，基于处理过程的物化反应和能量药剂消耗对于混凝-沉淀-过滤的传统工艺和先进的膜生物处理系统的再生水厂，得出其总的温室气体排放量分别为0.3755 kg/m3CO2e 和1.1581 kg/m3CO2e，据相关文献再生水生产过程温室气体排放量明显低于自来水生产和海水淡化，使用再生水代替自来水和海水淡化有利于减缓温室效应，环境效益明显。 （5）对北京城区再生水回用工程进行了生命周期能量分析。考虑到再生水厂在建设阶段，运营阶段，拆除阶段的各种投入的能量消耗，以及再生水利用的生命周期能量收益，再生水回用生命周期的能量收益超出了生命周期的能量消耗，再生水回用工程的实施从生命周期能量角度来看是有利的。再生水利用的能源净收益是2.1476×103KJ/m3，相当于每立方米再生水可产生0.6 kWh 的电能。 本论文针对再生水利用的综合效益及政策影响相关问题开展了研究，研究工作对于推动我国再生水事业发展具有重要意义，研究方法和结论对于相关研究具有特定的参考价值。本论文获得了一些有创新性的结论：1）系统研究了再生水利用于各用途所带来巨大的外部性，构建了再生水利用的成本效益分析框架；2）从生命周期和温室气体等角度，补充了对再生水利用产生的综合效益的分析。 |
| 英文摘要 | The utilization of reclaimed water has become an international topic to solve the water problem in recent years, however due to differences existing in water conditions and the level of awareness on water resources, there is a large discrepancy in reclaimed water use and promotion situation in different areas. As an effective way to solve the water problem, reclaimed water use is widely concerned in China which is a country with severe water shortages. Water reuse and its relative research have been carried out in Beijing, Tianjin, Dalian and other water shortage cities. Nevertheless, reclaimed water research and application in our country is still in the initial stage. This paper first studies the policies and present situation of reclaimed water use in our country, then takes Beijing’s reclaimed water use as an example to conduct a cost-benefit analysis of reclaimed water reuse, Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions evaluation and life cycle energy analysis. Finally, based on the typical cities’ water reuse policies and the water reuse level, this paper reveals the influence of reclaimed water policies on the reclaimed water use level. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The paper conducted a statistical analysis on the current situation of reclaimed water use in China. The result shows only 23.4% of the total 657 cities have carried out reclaimed water use; China’s 3/4 cities have not carried out reclaimed water reuse project; There are 99 cities whose reclaimed water utilization rate is between 0-20%; 35 cities’ rate is between 20-40%; 14 cities’ rate is between 40% and 60%; only six cities’ reclaimed water utilization rate is more than 60%. Water reuse level is still in the initial stage in our country. (2) Reclaimed water policies were summarized in both national and regional level. National policies on water reuse issued by different departments of government play a certain role in promoting reclaimed water reuse, but related rights and responsibilities are not clear and the effect is not ideal. According to statistical analysis of 23 typical cities’ regional water resources shortage, economic development level and policy, the influence of natural economic conditions on reclaimed water use is very limited. While the effects of policy objective, price mechanism and the legal responsibility of policy are all significant, in which the legal responsibility plays the most important part in promoting the use of reclaimed water. To promote the development of China's reclaimed water use, local governments should further improve and adjust the policy to make a better regulation, supervision and guidance of reclaimed water use. (3) This study constructed a cost benefit analysis framework of reclaimed water use and used it to carry out a research on Beijing’s reclaimed water use. The results indicated that the cost of Beijing reclaimed water use was 0.996 billion Yuan, the benefit was 1.882 billion Yuan and the net benefits was 0.886 billion Yuan in 2010. The use of reclaimed water can bring huge ecological environmental benefits of about 1.2 billion Yuan, which is 1.8 times as much as its economic benefits. The resource benefit occupies the largest proportion, which means the reclaimed water is a resource firstly; Environmental benefit is very obvious, which means reclaimed water use technology is an environmentally friendly technology; Groundwater benefit indicates that reclaimed water can be used as a stable recharge source of groundwater; Human health effect is negative which means it is necessary to improve the management level of exposure risk of reclaimed water. (4) Based on physical and chemical reactions and the consumption of energy and chemicals in the treatment process, total greenhouse gas emissions of water reclamation plant was estimated to be 0.3755 kg/m3 CO2e and 1.1581 kg/m3 CO2e for the traditional process of coagulation-sedimentation-filtration and advanced membrane biological treatment system, respectively. According to the related literature, Greenhouse gas emissions is significantly lower than tap water production and water desalination. The use of reclaimed water instead of tap water and seawater desalination is conducive to slow down the greenhouse effect. (5) Reclaimed water use project in Beijing was analyzed by life cycle energy analysis. Considering the various inputs of energy of reclaimed water plants during the construction phase, operational phase, demolition phase, as well as energy gain during the whole life cycle, water reuse earnings exceeded consumption in the whole life cycle. The net energy income of reclaimed water use was 2.1476×103KJ/m3,which means that using 1 m3 reclaimed water could produce 0.6kWh electric power. This paper conducted research on comprehensive benefits and policy implications of reclaimed water use. The research work is important to promote the development of reclaimed water use in China, and its research methods and conclusions have certain reference values for related research. This thesis gained some innovative conclusions: 1) systematically studied huge externalities brought by various uses of reclaimed water, and constructed cost-benefit analysis framework of reclaimed water use; 2) complemented the analysis on comprehensive benefits of reclaimed water utilization from the perspective of life cycle and greenhouse gas emissions. |
| 公开日期 | 2015-06-12 |
| 内容类型 | 学位论文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.rcees.ac.cn/handle/311016/13448]  |
| 专题 | 生态环境研究中心_城市与区域生态国家重点实验室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 范育鹏. 再生水利用综合效益评估及政策影响研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2014. |
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