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题名	基于河道生态需水量的梯级水库调度研究——以岷江上游为例
作者	麻泽龙
学位类别	博士
答辩日期	2006
授予单位	中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所
授予地点	成都
导师	程根伟
关键词	岷江上游 梯级水电站群 河道最小生态需水量 水库调度
学位专业	自然地理学
中文摘要	河流水电开发在推动社会经济发展的同时，对区域生态环境也会产生剧烈的影响。这种影响不仅体现在建设过程中对区域生境的剧烈扰动，而且表现在水库运行致使河川水文情势长期性改变，其所在河流的物质迁移、能量循环过程发生变化，区域生态环境发生不可逆转性的变迁。为缓解人类发展与生态保护之间的矛盾，各个领域的专家学者进行了多方面的研究，其中生态需水研究是被认为是实现人水和谐的有效途径之一。当前对河流生态需水及水库调度技术方面的研究较多，但对于水电站建成后，如何在运行过程保持区域的基本生境，尤其是维持区域生物种群的基本生态空间方面的研究较少，因此，在水电站运行调度过程中考虑生态需水量的研究对于解决当前的生产、生活与生态三者用水之间的矛盾，维护区域生态环境具有重要意义。本文以岷江上游干流姜射坝至紫坪铺河段的梯级水电站为例，系统研究了各电站下游河道，尤其是引水式电站坝下引水工程河段的生态需水量，并以此为基础，模拟比较了在考虑及不考虑河道最小生态需水量两种情况下梯级水库群的发电出力状况及坝下河道的径流状况，为实现水电站运行过程中的生态调度跨出了探索性的一步。概括起来，本论文的研究主要取得了以下成果：（1）本文在对岷江上游干流各水电站进行实地考察的基础上，系统收集和整理了岷江上游干流姜射坝～紫坪铺河段各水电站的特征参数资料，姜射坝、紫坪铺水文站的月、日径流观测数据、水文站观测断面实测大断面数据及实测流量数据，对该研究区间内各水电站的入库流量作了分析。（2）在考察基础上，通过资料收集、调研及分析，对引水前后福堂等电站坝下引水河段的水文情势变化进行了分析，认为各水电站的存在，造成高水段与低水段，甚至是脱水河段交替出现。河道水流的剧烈变动，导致区域物种的种群数量减少或种群类型发生变化，如在低水河段鱼类等的种群及数量减少，部分水生生物水量锐减或消失；在库区河段，原生的好氧喜急流的水生生物减少或消失，而喜富营养水体的生物类型与数量增加。（3）根据姜射坝、紫坪铺水文站河道横断面观测数据，对这两个断面进行了模拟及高程插值，建立了两个断面的0.1m高程插值断面，并分析计算出河道水面高程与湿周，以及水面宽与相应湿周的对应关系，确定以水面宽代替湿周是可行的，并建立河道水面高程与相应水面宽的对应关系。（4）针对湿周法中采用斜率为1法或曲率最大法无法准确确定河流流量——湿周曲线突变点问题，本文根据曼宁公式，结合河床形态，提出河道水位高程——平均水深法，作为对湿周法的改进，并以河道水位高程——水面宽变化率作为确定其曲线上突变点的方法。经过在姜射坝及紫坪铺水文站河道观测断面处验证，该方法确定的突变点比较精确，并且其中某个点与湿周法确定的突变点非常接近，因而可以替代湿周法用来确定河道最小生态需水量。（5）根据湿周法（河道水位高程—水面宽法）、R2CROSS法、Tennant法、河流最小生态空间法等方法，结合研究河段的水生生物状况，分析确定了研究河段各水电站（主要是引水式电站）的坝下引水工程河段河道最小生态需水量。（6）在研究确定了姜射坝～紫坪铺河段各水电站的坝下河道最小生态需水量的基础上，通过编制模拟系统程序，研究了在不考虑坝下河道最小生态需水量(Qewr=0时)和考虑坝下河道最小生态需水量(Qewr>0时)两种情况下，福堂和沙坝梯级中各电站1982～1986年（水文年）的发电出力及发电量变化。结果表明，福堂梯级水电站群在Qewr>0情况下的总发电量比其在Qewr=0情况下的所发电量减少1.0％；沙坝梯级水电站群在Qewr>0情况下的总发电量比其在Qewr=0情况下的发电量减少2.6％。因此，在保证河道最小生态需水的前提下进行水库生态调度对电站群的电能经济利益有一定的影响，但其所占比例不大。（7）通过模拟，对比了在无水库调度情况下、Qewr=0及Qewr>0三种情况下研究河段中引水式电站的坝下河段流量，并对各流量的生态影响进行了分析。结果表明：在枯水期内，Qewr=0状况下，福堂水电站群与沙坝水电站群的河流坝下流量均锐减，其中断流时间可持续100多天，严重影响该河段的生态环境，并给部分生物种群（尤其是鱼类）带来灭绝性灾难；而Qewr>0时，虽然枯水期引水式电站的坝下流量锐减，但其流量仍然大于或等于该河道的最小生态需水量，因而不会对河道生态功能及原生物种造成很大的影响。在丰水期内，Qewr=0及Qewr>0两种情况下，福堂水电站的坝下洪水过程线与天然状况下的洪水过程线相似，虽然洪峰流量有所降低，但仍具备洪水的生态功能；沙坝电站的坝下洪水的洪峰流量和发生频率均降低，由此而引发的生态功能变化还需进一步研究。
英文摘要	Hydropower development can help promoting the regional economic and social development, but it also will bring some negative effects on the regional environment and ecology. The later are embodied in the regional exquisite disturbances caused not only by the process of hydropower station and dam establishment, but also by the plants’ operation, which changes the hydrological regimes, and influences the process of material transfer and energy recycle in river systems. That lead to the regional environmental and ecological retrogressive-succession irreversibly. To lighten and solve the conflictions between the human development and the ecological and environmental protection, and realize the control scientifically on the water amount for ecology and environment, studies on ecological and environmental water requirement is required and significant. Studies on hydropower-plants regulation and operation are related closely with the social and economical development. Although many researches and achievements have been achieved in the two fields, few emphasize on the hydropower plant operation based on the ecological and environmental water requirement. Thus this study is an exploring and creative study on hydropower stations’ eco-operation, and is significant for solving the conflictions of water resource used for production, domestic and ecology and environment. Based on correlative researching achievements, the instream ecological-flow requirement in different reaches lower diversion dams for generating electricity are analyzed and calculated between the reaches of Jiangsheba and Zipingpu hydrological station, upper the Minjiang river. And further, the energy conditions of the cascade hydropower stations and the instream flow conditions lower the dams were modeled, analysed and compared in the cases with the minimum instream ecological-flow requirement or not. The main achievements are as following:1. By field investigation and relating information collection, the characteristic parameters of hydropower stations, and the daily- and monthly- runoff data, some concerned measured-instream-section data and corresponding measured-runoff data on Jiangsheba and Zipingpu hydrological stations upper the Minjiang River were collected and analyzed systematically. The average monthly streamflow into every reservoirs in this region was analyzed based aforesaid data, and that is: Futang, 337 m3•s-1; Shaba, 345.7 m3•s-1; Taipingyi, 353.5 m3•s-1; Yingxiuwan, 354.5 m3•s-1; Zipingpu, 442.3 m3•s-1.2. Based on field investigations and data collected, the river hydrological regimes in the diversion reaches lower the dams were analyzed and compared with the natural flow situations. And results showed that the existence of the hydropower stations and dams changed the hydrological regimes greatly, and which would, in some degree, determine the regional species. For example, fishes richness and the number of ome aquatic biota in the lower water reaches varied or decreased, and the aquatic biota living in swift-flowing streams were replaced by that living in eutrophic water in the reservoir reaches. 3. Based on the measured data of transections shapes in Jiangsheba and Zipingpu hydrological stations, the transections were interpolated with 0.1 m elevation and reestablished. Further, the relationships between the elevation and the wetted perimeter , the wetted perimeter and the width were analyzed and calculated according to the interpolated transections. Results showed that it is reasonable to replace wetted perimeter by the width of the cross sections. Then, the relationships was established between the elevation and the corresponding width.4. when determining the minimum flows with the wetted perimeter methods, it is difficult to determin the critical points where the slope equaled 1 and the curvature was maximized. To solve the problem, a method of instream elevation –average depth was put forward, in which the critical point was determined by the maximized transaction width increased when elevation increased 0.1 m. This method was applied to determine the instream base flows in Jiangsheba and Zipingpu hydrological stations. Results showed the critical points were located easily and exactly. Among these points, one was closed greatly to the critical points determined with the wetted perimeter method. So this method can be used to determine the instream ecological flows instead of the wetted perimeter method.5.With the instream elevation –average depth method, R2cross method, Tennant method, and minimum river-course biological space requirement method, and et al, the minimum instream ecological water requirement in every reaches right lower the dams in the region were calculated and determined. 6. Based on the minimum instream ecological water requirement (Qewr), the electricity quantity generated from 1982 to 1986 in every hydroelectricity plants and the runoff lower the dam was modeled and compared in the case of considering (Qewr>0) and not considering (Qewr=0) the Qewr. Results showed: ①the electricity quantity generated in Futang cascaded hydroelectricity plants when Qewr>0 lessened by 1 per cent than that when Qewr=0, ② in Shaba cascaded eclectricity plants, the generated electricity quantity when Qewr>0 was less by 2.6 per cent than that when Qewr=0. Thus, the reservoir regulation based on the instream minimum ecological water requirement reduced slightly the generated electricity quantity. 7. Modeled and compared the instream flows in the following three conditions: ①without reservoirs and dams, namely, in the natural conditions; ②Qewr=0; ③Qewr>0. Simultaneously, the ecological influences caused by the instream flows in the aforesaid cases was analyzed. Results indicated that: ① in the lower water seasons, in the case of Qewr=0, the instream flows lower the dams both in Futang and Shaba cascaded hydroelectricity plants reduced greatly, and what’s more, the cutoff time can last more than 100 days. That worsen the river ecological environment and might make some species, especially fishes to be extinct. In the case of Qewr>0, althought the instream flow lower the dams decreased, it is still more than or equal to the insteam minimum ecological water requirement, which would cause some negative affects, but would not be serious. ② in flood seasons, the flood in the case of Qewr=0 and Qewr>0 was similar with that in the natral conditions. Although the peak flows decreased in some degree, it still can fulfill it’s ecological functions. Different with that in Futang cascaded hydroelectricity plants, the peak flows and the flood occurrence frenquency decreased. And the changes of its ecological function need a further research.
语种	中文
学科主题	自然地理学
公开日期	2010-10-22
分类号	TV2;TV7
内容类型	学位论文
源URL	[http://ir.imde.ac.cn/handle/131551/2282]
专题	成都山地灾害与环境研究所_成都山地所知识仓储（2009年以前）
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	麻泽龙. 基于河道生态需水量的梯级水库调度研究——以岷江上游为例[D]. 成都. 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所. 2006.

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