题名我国不同行政区域生态足迹比较研究
作者王小亭
学位类别博士
答辩日期2009
授予单位中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所
授予地点成都
导师高吉喜
关键词生态足迹 生态承载力 生态资产 生态赤字 可持续发展
其他题名Comparative Study on the Ecological Footprint in Different Administrative Region of China
学位专业自然地理学
中文摘要可持续发展已成为全球范围内研究的重点。可持续发展要求人类活动在生态承载力范围内,人类经济的发展依靠生物圈资源的生产和生态系统服务。由于人类对自然资本的过度消费已引发诸多生态环境问题,而从根本上评价人类对生态环境的影响已成为研究的热点。我国资源从绝对数量上虽然较大,但由于人口的压力使我国人均自然资源的数量远远少于世界平均水平。近几十年来,人口的增长、经济的迅速发展和科学技术的进步,强烈地改变着我国不同区域社会经济结构和生态环境。工业化、城市化进程的加剧进一步对我国的自然环境造成巨大的压力,人类对自然资本的无节制利用已引起许多相应的后果如全球变暖、沙漠化、水土流失等问题,全球及区域尺度的环境生态危机正威胁着人类的生存和发展,全球及区域生态安全就成为人类可持续发展的基本目标之一。生态足迹作为衡量人类对自然资本的消费及其吸收人类消耗所产生的垃圾的一个有效工具,已在不同区域尺度和时间范围内得到广泛应用。区域生态足迹评估给予政策制定者及其政府决策者以合理的支持,本文应用生态足迹方法对我国不同区域人类自然资本的消耗进行了整体评估,并结合经济发展水平,对不同区域的自然资本消耗驱动因素进行分析,本文研究内容如下: (1)2005年我国生态足迹总体为生态赤字。不同的省域表现为不同的生态赤字。虽然我国资源的数量绝对量较大,但由于人口基数大,从而使我国区域人均资源拥有量远远小于世界发达国家的水平,并影响我国不同区域人均资源的消费与供给。而我国不同省域资源禀赋的不同决定其生态承载力的大小,区域东西差异、南北差异对我国区域经济的发展起决定性作用,从而影响不同区域人均生态承载力及其生态足迹。 (2)能源消费足迹是我国生态足迹的主要部分。在许多区域能源生态足迹占全部生态足迹的50%甚至更多;化石能源消费成为人类生态足迹的主要部分,其对环境的影响也成为环境评估的重点,生物能源、可更新能源等对人类生态足迹的影响与评估是否同化石能源的生态足迹计算相同。不同区域之间生态资产转移引起生态赤字发生变化,而能源转移是主要方面之一;区域之间的经济发展水平不同、产业结构不同等决定了区域对自然资源的消耗不同,而我国自然资产的分布不均导致我国不同区域自然资产的大规模转移。 (3)资源的分布不均对区域经济发展存在负面影响。自然资源或资源禀赋是经济发展的源动力,一个国家或地区经济发展与资源占用及利用应该是相匹配的,如果不能合理高效的利用资源,资源也会成为经济发展的“瓶颈”,一方面,自然资源作为一种人类发展的一种基本需求,其构成了工业化和经济发展的引擎,另一方面,在一些自然资源丰富的国家,其经济增长往往落后于那些自然资源并不丰富的国家,即出现所谓的“资源诅咒”现象。本文结合我国区域能源生产情况的基础上对我国区域经济发展中存在的“资源诅咒”进行分析,我国不同区域人均GDP与一次性能源生态足迹呈现明显的负相关,这在一定程度上表明在我国经济发展过程中存在“资源诅咒”效应。 (4)结合生态足迹对影响我国区域生态足迹大小的驱动因子进行分析。结合人口、城市化率和不同产业结构比率对我国的不同区域生态足迹的驱动,总体分析我国经济发展过程中不同因素对区域人均生态足迹的影响,在经济水平一定的条件下,人口的增加相对能减少区域生态足迹。而在人口保持一定的状态下,随着经济的发展,区域生态承载力总体呈上升趋势,而对区域人均生态足迹影响较大的是第一产业,第二产业相对较小,而第三产业的增加区域人均生态足迹呈较少趋势。城市化对区域人均生态足迹的影响相对比较明显。区域经济的发展影响不同区域的生态足迹及其生态赤字;城市化进程的发展对我国区域生态足迹产生相当大的影响,在城市化的过程中,能源的大量需求、土地资源的大量占用对我国的生态足迹和生态承载力产生相应的影响。 (5)以生态足迹分析结果为依据,对我国不同区域生态盈余进行了分析。区域生态资产的转移对生产地的生态环境造成巨大的环境压力,而仅仅依靠资源生产地的经济及其发展水平很难实现其经济和环境的可持续发展,“富人消费、穷人埋单”式的消费模式制约我国区域生态环境的保护。不同的生活方式、经济社会发展对区域生态承载力的影响。贫富差距的增大,及其消费方式的不同对区域生态承载力及其生态足迹产生不同的影响,本文结合不同区域的发展水平对区域生态足迹及其生态承载力进行分析,并以此为依据对减少我国的生态赤字进行不同的情景分析,以保障我国经济社会环境可持续发展。
英文摘要The paradigm of sustainable consumption has entered the political area on a national and international scale. Sustainability calls for finding ways in which we can all have satisfying lives while not exceeding the ecological capacity of the biosphere. The human economy is embedded in the biosphere and is entirely dependent on its ecological services. As people consume the products and services of nature, they have an impact in the earth. But since nature has the ability to renew, it can cope with human demand as long as this demand stays within the regenerative capacity of the biosphere. The “Ecological Footprint” is a tool that measures this impact in terms of how much bio-productive land and water are needed to produce all the resources we consume and to absorb all the waste we generate. The Ecological Footprint is an effective way to communicate progress toward environmental sustainability in a common language that the public, as well as policy and planning professionals, can understand. At present, we are far from meeting this goal: current demand is overshooting nature’s capacity, resulting in a growing ecological deficit. A local Footprint gives local governments the ability to clearly evaluate and discuss the extent of municipal resource use; to form, express, and measure sustainability goals; to evaluate individual policies and plans. This paper describes some of the ways in which the design features of the development support sustainable lifestyles for different regions, while helping to close the gap between regions’ ecological demands and supply. From the analyses undertaken the key points to highlight are: (1) All of China is ecological deficit in 2005. The absolute resource of China is very large but the large population make the average posses’ resource is very poor. Different areas have different carrying capacity result from resource endowment. East-west gap and north-south differences play a decisive role in economic development. It also influences the carrying capacity and ecological footprint of different area. (2) Energy is the driving forces of the economic development. In some area the energy footprint occupy 50 percent of the total footprint. In different area have different supply of energy. Economic development decided different area energy consumes and energy transfer in large scale. It also influences the ecological footprint and carrying capacity of different area. (3) Resource becomes the bottle-neck of economic development. Using the resource curse analysis different province in China. There was a negative correlation between the average Gross Domestic Product and the nature resources. The result indicates that the nature-resource abundant economies tend to grow a slow pace. (4) Despite the scientific consensus that human have dramatically altered the global environment, but we understand a limited knowledge of the specific force driving those impacts. That population size and affluence are the principal drivers of anthropogenic environment stressors. Base on STIPPAT we analysis the relationship between ecological footprint and social development of different area of China. We find population size is the key driving force to environment downgrade, and we used different industry analysis the environmental impacts. (5) Base on the ecological footprint, we analysis the resources transfer in different area. There have a huge environmental pressure on the area of production nature resource. ‘Rich people consume and poor buried bill’ restrict the development of environment. Different lifestyle and economic development influence the carrying capacity of different area. In the all, ecological footprint describe human demand on bioproductivity by assessing how much biologically productive land and sea area is necessary to maintain the consumption of a given human population or economy and to provide assimilation capacity for keeping a certain level of environmental quality. It can give us the information of economic and environment that guild the policies makers and population consume. It gave the way to sustainable development in China.
语种中文
学科主题生态学
公开日期2010-10-13
分类号F12;X1
内容类型学位论文
源URL[http://ir.imde.ac.cn/handle/131551/2148]  
专题成都山地灾害与环境研究所_成都山地所知识仓储(2009年以前)
推荐引用方式
GB/T 7714
王小亭. 我国不同行政区域生态足迹比较研究[D]. 成都. 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所. 2009.
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