Surface soil samples collected from the western area of Nansi Lake, China, were analyzed for selected heavy metals including As, Cd, Pb, and Zn, to determine their spatial distributions and environmental effects. The average concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn in soil were 13.21 mg/kg, 0.20 mg/kg, 23.94 mg/kg, and 79.95 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration of As, Cd, and Zn was approximately 1.44-, 2.33-, and 1.25-fold higher than its background values in study area, respectively. Meanwhile, the concentrations of heavy metals progressively decreased from east to west within the study area, in a step-function distribution. The differences in the heavy metal distribution characteristics might be caused by the lake water irrigation and agricultural activities such as fertilizer and pesticide use. There were significant positive correlations between the values of OrgC, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 and concentrations of heavy metals. According to the Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and the potential ecological risk index (PERI), Cd posed higher potential ecological risk in surface soil when compared with As, Pb, and Zn. These results could provide the scientific basis on which to evaluate the distribution of heavy metals under natural and anthropogenic influences in the surface soil near Nansi Lake, China.