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题名	塔里木河中下游退耕还林还草综合生态效益评价
作者	古丽努尔·沙布尔哈孜
学位类别	硕士
答辩日期	2004
授予单位	中国科学院．中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所．植物学．
导师	热合木都拉，中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所
关键词	荒漠内陆河
中文摘要	本文以恢复生态学理论与实践为指导，以植被恢复与重建和水资源可持续利用为目的，选择了11项适合于荒漠内陆河流域自然环境的评价指标，建立了塔里木河中下游退耕还林还草综合生态效益评价指标体系和数学模型，用层次分析法（P），确定了各项指标权重。以现有的人工林草植被代替未来不同的退耕还林还草模式（空间换时间方法），对塔里木河中下游退耕还林还草综合生态工程以水为主线的生态效益进行了定量评价，计算了流域内各种退耕还林还草模式的综合生态效益指数，并与农田生态系统进行了效益比较。主要研究结果如下：1）研究区域全面实施退耕还林还草后，林地覆被率从2.53％上升到2．77％，草地覆被率从29.13％上升到29.28％。2）生态林的Shannon-Wienner生物多样性指数大于经济林的Shannon-Wienner生物多样性指数。3）退耕还林后随着林地发育年限的增加其群落种类组成结构水平和群落的稳定性会逐步增加，生物效益开始逐步显现。4）退耕还林还草改善土壤理化性质。不同植被类型，不同树、草种对土壤的改善作用不同，一般表现为经济林＞牧草＞生态林。5）塔里木河中下游2000年到2003年一共退耕还生态林2667hm2、退耕还经济林510.8hm2，退耕还牧草382.5hm2，共节水16713640.3m3。将来适宜退耕区全面实施退耕后，节约用水量可达到11.7×107m3。单位面积土地种植生态林和饲草的年需水量比粮食作物、经济作物和经济林的年需水量都低，特另。是乡土植物需水量更低。6）牛杰林、经济林、牧草等退耕还林还草类型的生态效器指数均大于农田生态系统，其综合生态效益指数排列顺序为，经济林＞生态林＞牧草＞农田。生态林的综合生态效益为农田生态系统的2.43倍；经济林为农田生态系统的2.61倍；牧草为农田生态系统的1.56倍。7）各种退耕还林还草生态类型的生物效益、土壤效益、水文效益和小气候效益对综合生态效益的贡献率不同：生态林的生物效益＞土壤效益＞水文效益＞小气候效益；经济林的土壤效益＞生物效益＞水文效益＞小气候效益；草地的土壤效益＞水文效益＞生物效益＞小气候效益。8）各种退耕还林还草模式综合生态效益指数大小不同。综合生态效益指数最大的是新疆杨＋沙枣（3.4632）。而综合生态效益指数最小的是首楷（1.2967）。9）提出了塔里木河中下游退耕还林还草优化模式。研究结果可为塔里木河中下游退耕还林还草生态工程建设提供参考，为政府实施退耕还林还草工程提供决策和依据。同时，退耕还林还草工程规划，布局，选择林种，草种等经营方式提供科学依据。This paper based on the theory of regeneration ecology, regarding the regeneration and rehabilitation of vegetation and sustainable using of water resource as main object, the evaluation index system including 11 indexes that systematically reflect features entironment of inland river basin and the mathematical model are developed for evaluating the compositive ecological benefits of withdrawing from fanning to afforesting and grass planting in the middle and lower reaches of Tarim river. The weightiness of each indexes are decided with using analytical hierarchy process (AHP). In this paper, various patterns of withdrawing from farming to afforesting and grass planting in the future are replaced by the current different types of artificial forest and grassland in the middle and lower reaches of Tarim river, ecological benefit in the central aim of water of the ecological project of withdrawing from fanning to afforesting and grass planting in the middle and lower reaches of Tarim river are quantitatively assessed, compositive ecological benefit index of various patterns of withdrawing from farming to afforesting and grass planting were calculated, and also were compared with farmland ecosystem in the middle and lower reaches of Tarim river. The result indicate that: 1) Forest cover percentage will increase frorn2.53% to 2.77%, grass cover percentage will increase from 29.13% to 29.28% after general implement of withdrawing from farming to afforesting and grass planting in the lower and middle reaches in Tarim river. 2) Shannon- Wienner bio-diversity index of ecological forest are higher than that of the economic forest. 3) The level of plant community structure, the stability of plant community and ecological benefit are increased with age in withdrawing from farming to afforesting. 4) From farming to afforesting and grass planting can improve the physical and chemical property of soil and the soil benefit are in order of economic forest> herbage grassland>ecological forestx 5 ) The area of withdrawing from farming to ecological afforesting , economic afforesting and grass planting are respectively 2667hm2,510.8 hm2,382.4hm2, the total amount of saving irrigation water reached 16713640.3m3.The total amount of saving irrigation water will reach 11.7 x 107m3 after general implement of withdrawing from farming to afforesting and grass planting in the lower and middle reaches in Tarim river. Water requirement of per hm2 of ecological forest and feed crops are higher than that of grains, water requirement of per hm2 of economic crops and economic forest are low, specially, local plant. 6) The compositive ecological benefit index of various patterns of withdrawing from farming to afforesting and grass planting, such as the ecological forests, economic forests and herbage grasslands, are higher than that of the agro-ecosystems. The compositive ecological benefit indexes are in order of economic forest>ecological forest>herbage grassland>cotton fields. The compositive ecological benefit index of economic forest, ecological forest and herbage grassland are respectively 2.61, 2.43, 1.56 times of cotton fields. 7 ) The contribution ratio of biological benefit, soil benefit, small climate benefit, hydrological benefit to compositive ecological benefit in various ecological types of withdrawing from farming to afforesting and grass planting are different. The order for the ecological forest: biological benefit>soil benefit>hydrological benefit>small climate benefit, for the economic forest: soil benefit>biological benefit>hydrological benefit>small climate benefit, for the herbage grasslands: soil benefit>hydrological benefit>biological benefit>small climate benefit. 8 ) The compositive ecological benefit indexes of various patterns of withdrawing from farming to afforesting and grass planting are different. The largest is the Populus alba var pyramidalis+Elaegnum angustifolia(3.4632), and the smallest is the Medicago sativa(\2%l). 9) Put forward the best optimize pattern of withdrawing from farming to afforesting and grass planting in the middle and lower reaches of Tarim River. The study results can provide the reference and theoretical basis of ecological project withdrawing from farming to afforesting and grass planting in the middle and lower reaches of Tarim River for govermnent in the future. Therefore the paper proposes some scientific suggestion of planning, overall arrangement, sort of tree and grass of ecological project withdrawing from farming to afforesting and grass planting in the middle and lower reaches of Tarim River.
语种	中文
学科主题	恢复生态,农学
公开日期	2010-11-12
页码	共54页
内容类型	学位论文
源URL	[http://ir.xjlas.org/handle/365004/8352]
专题	新疆生态与地理研究所_中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所(2010年以前数据)
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	古丽努尔·沙布尔哈孜　. 塔里木河中下游退耕还林还草综合生态效益评价[D]. 中国科学院．中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所．植物学．. 2004.

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