| 题名 | 农用高分子化合物对作物生长效应及其机理研究 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2009 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 陕西 |
| 导师 | 吴普特 ; 冯浩 |
| 学位专业 | 土壤学 |
| 中文摘要 | 高分子节水材料作为一种新的节水增产措施在农业生产中受到了越来越多的重视，具有广阔的应用前景。本文将高分子化合物聚丙烯酸钠应用到农业节水增产中，针对以往农用高分子化合物应用过程中存在的理论与技术问题，采用盆栽试验、大田试验与室内模拟试验相结合的方法，系统地研究了高分子化合物聚丙烯酸钠的增产效应，并从保水、保肥与改土方面研究了高分子化合物的增产机理，取得主要研究结果如下：1、土壤中施用0.2%高分子化合物聚丙烯酸钠能够促进甘蓝生长，增加甘蓝产量，与肥料配合施用效果更加显著，砂土与粘土增产可分别达到99%与71%。高分子化合物聚丙烯酸钠的施用使得整个生育期耗水量与浇水次数均较不施用高分子处理减少，耗水量砂土与粘土分别降低了7%与6%左右，浇水次数砂土与粘土均降低12%左右。砂土与粘土处理甘蓝的水分利用效率WUE因高分子化合物聚丙烯酸钠施用分别提高了44%与42%，高分子化合物配合适当追肥可提高117%与84%。2、冬小麦行间开沟施用聚丙烯酸钠较表土撒施效果更为显著，高分子化合物聚丙烯酸钠开沟施入土壤中能够显著增加小麦分蘖的有效穗数，促进小麦生长，同时影响单穗粒数与千粒重，最终提高小麦产量。沟施聚丙烯酸钠20kg/hm2同时增施肥料N，P，K分别为126，90，100kg/hm2可增产10.14%，水分利用效率提高28.67%；沟施40kg/hm2高分子化合物聚丙烯酸钠同时配合灌浆期浇水20mm较对照处理增产11.24%。前茬冬小麦所施用高分子化合物聚丙烯酸钠对下一季夏玉米产量影响不显著。3、砂土、壤土与粘土3种土壤中施用高分子化合物聚丙烯酸钠后，土壤持水特征曲线与对照土壤相似，其含水率与水吸力均符合θ=asb的幂函数关系；高分子化合物施入量越大，相同水吸力条件下土壤的持水能力越大，高分子化合物增加土壤持水能力的效果砂土较壤土、粘土更为显著；高分子化合物加入土壤延缓了土壤的释水过程，使更多的水分缓慢释放供作物吸收利用；三种土壤中高分子化合物用量建议控制在0.08～0.2%之间，其高分子化合物聚丙烯酸钠吸持水分的83.7%可释放出供植物利用。4、砂土的饱和导水率随着高分子化合物聚丙烯酸钠用量增加而降低，在恒定水头入渗条件下，聚丙烯酸钠降低了水分向深层运移的速度，同时降低了砂土的入渗速率，可以有效降低砂土水分的深层渗漏。综合考虑聚丙烯酸钠对砂土蓄水供水能力及入渗性能的影响，其适宜用量为0.2%～0.5%。5、风砂土、黄绵土与塿土的蒸发强度随着高分子化合物聚丙烯酸钠用量增加而降低，聚丙烯酸钠用量为0.5%时，砂土、黄绵土与塿土10天累积蒸发量分别较对照降低了59.89%、48.92% 与55.81%；综合考虑对土壤蓄水与蒸发能力的影响，聚丙烯酸钠用量为风砂土、黄绵土应控制在0.08%～0.2%，塿土中用量必须严格控制在0.2%左右；在上述用量条件下，风砂土、黄绵土、塿土从饱和含水量蒸发失水至凋萎含水量的时间分别被延长了244.72%、251.11%与36.31%左右。6、室内土柱模拟试验发现，风砂土、黄绵土、塿土3种土壤中施入高分子化合物聚丙烯酸钠能够减少氮肥的流失，且聚丙烯酸钠用量越高效果越明显，增加土壤中硝态氮与全氮含量，铵态氮含量受高分子聚丙烯酸钠的影响不显著。高分子聚丙烯酸钠对氮肥的保持效果风砂土>黄绵土>塿土。大田冬小麦试验发现，大田冬小麦的氮肥生产力随着高分子化合物聚丙烯酸钠用量增加出现先增加后降低的规律。高分子化合物聚丙烯酸钠用量为20kg/hm2时，冬小麦产量显著增加同时氮肥生产能力达到最高值。7、高分子化合物聚丙烯酸钠施入风砂土、黄绵土、塿土3种不同质地土壤中改善了土壤结构，显著提高了大团聚体含量，降低土壤团聚体的分散系数，提高土壤的抗蚀能力，对3种土壤作用效果黄绵土>风砂土>塿土；氮肥的应用增加了土壤团聚体的分散性，降低了高分子化合物聚丙烯酸钠改善土壤结构的功能，尿素的作用效果相对较小，因此在使用高分子化合物聚丙烯酸钠时需要配合氮肥施用时，应该首先考虑施用尿素。 |
| 英文摘要 | The super absorbent polymers used in agriculture for water-saving and yield-increasing have been paid more and more attention to by people and as a result they have a broad applying prospect in agriculture. Aiming at a number of theoretic and technical problems during application of super absorbent, this thesis applied a super absorbent polymer named Sodium Polyacrylate for water-saving and yield-increasing in agriculture. Through potted planting, field and laboratory experiments, the effect of Sodium Polyacrylate on crop yield-increasing was tested and the yield-increasing mechanism was analyzed from effects of Sodium Polyacrylate on water-saving, fertilizer-keeping and soil texture-improving. The main conclusions are listed as follows: 1. The growth and yield of cabbage were enhanced by Sodium Polyacrylate applied in the soil at a dosage of 0.2% by weight and the yield-increasing effect was more notable with the percentages of 99% in sandy soil and 71% in clay when fertilizers were used together. The Sodium Polyacrylate reduced the water used in the whole lifecycle of cabbage by 7% and 6% respectively in sandy soil and clay. The watering number was reduced by about 12% in both sandy soil and clay. WUE of cabbage planted in sandy soil and clay were increased by 44% and 42 respectively by Sodium Polyacrylate, which is even higher with the percentages of 117% and 84% when fertilizers were used together.2. The effects of Sodium Polyacrylate applied in the gully digged about 10cm in depth between rows of wheat on winter wheat were more notable than those of what splashed on the surface of the soil. The Sodium Polyacrylate applied in the gully could increase effectively tiller and growth of the wheat, and affect the kernel number in each wheat ear and 1000 kernel weight, and as a result increase the yield. The yield and WUE of winter wheat could be increased by 10.14% and 28.67% respectively when the and 100 kg/hm2 N, P, K fertilizer are applied. The yield was increased by 11.24% by Sodium Polyacrylate applied in the gully at 20kg/hm2 with an addition of 20mm irrigation during the filling in wheat. The effects of Sodium Polyacrylate used in winter wheat on growth and yield of the following maize were not noble.3. Water content θ and suction s were both fitted the model θ=asb no matter whether the Sodium Polyacrylate was added in the sandy soil, silt and clay. The soil water retention increased with more polymer used and the effect on sandy soil were more notable than silt and clay. The dosage was suggested from 0.08% to 0.2% by weight, then 83.7% of the water kept by the polymer could be used by the crop. 4. The saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) of sandy soil decreased with more Sodium Polyacrylate applied. The rate of wetting front advance and infiltration rate under certain ponded infiltration was significantly reduced by Sodium Polyacrylate , and as a result effectively reduced water in a sandy soil leaking to a deeper layer under the plough layer. Considering both the effects on water retention and infiltration capacity, it was suggested to add Sodium Polyacrylate to the sandy soil at concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 0.5%.5. The evaporation of Aeolian sandy soil, Loessial soil and Lou Soil decreased with more applied in soil. 10 days cumulative evaporation of Aeolian sandy soil, Loessial soil and Lou Soil was reduced by 59.89%, 48.92% and 55.81% respectively by Sodium Polyacrylate at 5 g·kg-1 soil. It is suggested to add Sodium Polyacrylate in the Aeolian sandy soil and Loessial soil ranging from 0.8 to 2 g·kg-1 soil and strictly about 2 g·kg-1 soil in the Lou soil when the effects of Sodium Polyacrylate on the soil water retention and evaporation are both considered. The time from saturated soil moisture content to wilting percentage of Aeolian sandy soil, Loessial soil and Lou soil was extended by 244.72%，251.11% and 36.31% respectively when Sodium Polyacrylate was applied at the suggested dosage. 6. Loss of N fertilizer in the Aeolian sandy soil, Loessial soil and Lou Soil could be reduced by application of Sodium Polyacrylate and this effect was even more obvious as more Sodium Polyacrylate is applied. Nitrate and total nitrogen content in soil was increased while the ammonium nitrogen was not obviously affected. The effect of Sodium Polyacrylate on N fertilizer keeping was most obviously on Aeolian sandy soil then Loessial soil and Lou Soil. In the winter wheat field experiment, with the dosage of Sodium Polyacrylate applied in soil increased, productivity of Fertilizer-N first increases and then decreases. The yield was increased and the productivity of Fertilizer-N got the maximal value when Sodium Polyacrylate was applied at a dosage of 20kghm-2. 7. Soil texture was improved by application of Sodium Polyacrylate. Content of macro-aggregates and aggregate water stability were increased while the aggregate deterioration rate and erodibility were decreased by addition of Sodium Polyacrylate. This effect was most obviously on Loessial soil, then Aeolian sandy soil and Lou Soil. The N fertilizer increased the aggregate deterioration rate and reduced the effects of Sodium Polyacrylate improving soil texture. This reduction on Sodium Polyacrylate of urea was less than ammonium, bicarbonate, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate, so that urea should be used when N fertilizer be needed. |
| 公开日期 | 2011-07-01 |
| 内容类型 | 学位论文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.iswc.ac.cn/handle/361005/4118]  |
| 专题 | 水土保持研究所_水保所知识产出(1956-2013) |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | . 农用高分子化合物对作物生长效应及其机理研究[D]. 陕西. 中国科学院研究生院. 2009. |
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