The development of antifouling surfaces to prevent bioattachment is an urgent demand for marine coating and biomedical applications. In this paper, two types of anionic and zwitterionic gel fibers are synthesized based on anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) substrate and their antifouling properties against oil and algal attachment are systematically investigated. To begin with, gel surfaces exhibit underwater superoleophoic property and extremely low oil adhesion. The effect of electrolyte on underwater wetting behavior is studied. It is shown that the adhesion of oil droplets on gel fibers significantly increase upon immersing in electrolyte solutions and ionic surfactants, which could be attributed to electrostatic screening effect of salt solution and ion-pairing interaction. Notably, in regard to Dunaliella tertiolecta and Navicula sp., almost 90% and 95% decrease of fouling algae density are achieved for P(AA/SPMA) and P(AA/SBMA) gel fibers, respectively, comparing with AAO substrate for control. The excellent antifouling property and high structural stability of gel fibers make them effective antifouling surfaces.