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题名	食肉动物的比较分子细胞遗传学研究
作者	佴文惠
学位类别	博士
答辩日期	2005-04
授予单位	中国科学院研究生院
授予地点	北京
导师	杨凤堂
关键词	食肉动物 染色体涂色 比较染色体图谱 染色体进化 核型系统发生
其他题名	Comparative molecular cytogenetics study among carnivores
中文摘要	猫和狗是人类重要的伴侣动物，也是生物医学研究的重要模式动物。猫是哺乳动物中核型最为保守的物种之一，而狗的基因组则经历了迄今为止最为广泛的重组。猫和狗基因组计划的长足进步，使猫和狗的基因组成为食肉动物比较基因组研究理想的参照物。种间染色体涂色，以其准确、高效和适合于全基因组比较等优点，已成为比较细胞遗传学，特别是远缘物种或核型高度重排物种间比较的首选方法。利用染色体涂色技术建立的比较染色体图谱，记录了物种形成过程中所发生的基因组改变的历史。通过比较分析保守的染色体片段在不同系统发生分支物种上的分布和排列方式，可以推测在被比较物种之间，染色体重排的速率、类型和方向以及系统发生关系，重建哺乳动物的基因组进化历程。本研究利用人、狗、猫和石貂的染色体特异探针，通过染色体涂色，建立了人与石貂以及食肉动物各主要类群物种间的比较染色体图谱。研究结果表明，现生的食肉动物可以被分成三组，每一组具有其独特的祖先核型组成、染色体改变的速率和进化途径等特征。，第一组由具有高度保守核型的猫超科、融科、洗熊科和小熊猫等组成。第二组是大熊猫和熊科，具有中等程度的核型重排。第三组是犬科，具有高度重排的核型。猫和石貂等核型保守物种的探针有利于检测染色体间的重排，而基因组高度重排的狗染色体探针则有利于追踪核型保守的物种在基因组进化过程中发生的染色体内重排，为探讨食肉动物的核型进化提供了进一步的信息。另外，我们的结果还表明小熊猫与融科动物之间有很近的系统发生关系。根据这些比较染色体图谱，重建了食肉动物各主要系统发生分支的祖先核型和核型系统发生关系。这些比较染色体图谱的建立有助于理解食肉动物基因组进化和系统发生关系，促进人、猫和狗的基因序列数据和定位资料向其他没有基因定位数据的食肉动物转移。
英文摘要	Domestic cats and dogs are both the important companion animals for mankind and model animals for biomedical research. The karyotype of domestic cat is among the most conserved in mammals (including the carnivores), while the karyotype of domestic dog is among the most rearranged. The rapid progress in the canine and feline genome projects has made both genomes the ideal references for comparative genomic studies of carnivores. Cross-species chromosome painting, being accurate, efficient, and suitable for genome-wide comparison, has become the method of choice for comparative cytogenetics, particularly for comparaing distantly related species or species with highly rearranged karyotypes. Comparative chromosome maps, established by chromosome painting, record the history of karyotype changes that have coccured during speciation. The rates, types and directions of chromosomal rearrangements as well as phylogenetic relationships beween species being compared can be inferred by comparative analysis of the distribution patterns of conserved segments in different phylogenetic lineages, and using these characters reconstruct the history of mammalian genome evolution. We have been applying this approach to the study of chromosome evolution of carnivores. A series of comparative chromosome maps among the representative species of major carnivore phylogenetic lineages have been established using complete sets of chromosome-specific painting probes derived from flow-sorted chromosomes of human, domestic cat, stone marten and dog. These maps reveal three levels of genomic reorganiztion, each of which is shared by a group of carnivore species. The feliforms, mustelids, procyonids and red panda have highly conserved karyotypes, the giant panda and ursids have moderately rearranged karyotypes, while the canids have the most highly rearranged karyotypes. The probes from the species with highly conserved karyotypes such as cat and stone marten have been very informative in detecting evolutionary interchromosomal rearrangements, while the probes from dog with highly rearranged genome have been of great importance in tracking intrachromosomal rearrangements that have occurred during the genome evolution of species with conserved karyotypes and have provided further insights into the karyotype evolution of carnivores. Our strategy of comparative chromosome painting based on systematic sampling of representative species permits the tentative reconstruction of the ancestral karyotype and karyotypic phylogeny of camivora. The results also support a close phylogenetic relationship between the red panda and mustelid. These comparative maps help us to understand the genome evolution and phylogenetic relationship among carnivores, and will further facilitate the transfer of gene sequences and mapping data from the human, domestic dog and cat to other carnivore species that are not included in the current priority list of the mapping communities.
语种	中文
公开日期	2010-10-15
内容类型	学位论文
源URL	[http://159.226.149.42:8088/handle/152453/6174]
专题	昆明动物研究所_保护遗传学(细胞库)
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	佴文惠. 食肉动物的比较分子细胞遗传学研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2005.

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