区域生态系统服务变化与预测研究

CORC > 生态环境研究中心 > 中国科学院生态环境研究中心 > 城市与区域生态国家重点实验室

题名	区域生态系统服务变化与预测研究
作者	肖洋
学位类别	博士
答辩日期	2015-05
授予单位	中国科学院研究生院
授予地点	北京
导师	欧阳志云
关键词	重庆，生态系统服务，GIS和 RS，特征变化，驱动力，Chongqing region, ecosystem services, GIS and RS, changes, drivers
其他题名	Assessing changes in ecosystem services and multi–scenario simulation and prediction of ecosystem services in Chongqing region, China
学位专业	生态学
中文摘要	从复合生态系统的角度来看，陆地生态系统是支撑与维持地球的生命支持系统，维持生命物质的生物地化循环与水文循环，维持生物物种与遗传多样性，净化环境，维持大气化学的平衡与稳定。重庆位于三峡库区腹心地带，是长江流域重要的生态屏障和全国水资源战略储备库，生态区位十分重要。其生态系统状态，不仅影响着社会经济的可持续发展，而且对于维护长江中下游地区生态安全具有极其重要的作用。近年来重庆经济的快速发展和区域气候的变化，改变了生态系统格局和生态系统服务，进而影响地区经济和环境的可持续发展。本研究基于 GIS和 RS技术分析了重庆生态系统服务的空间分布特征，近 10年来生态系统服务的变化及其驱动原因，还预测评估未来森林工程的格局变化及其生态效益。探讨地区生态系统服务功能形成机制并明确生态保护目标，提出生态系统恢复和管理的调控策略。主要研究结论如下： (1)近些年重庆严格实施生态恢复工程(森林工程、退耕还林工程和天然林保护工程)基本实现了生态建设优先、收入增加和社会经济发展的目标，对构建三峡库区绿色生态屏障、加快农村产业结构调整、促进农民增收致富、推动社会经济可持续发展起到了十分重要的作用。 (2)重庆主要生态系统类型是农田和森林生态系统，其2010年面积比例分别为 39.2%和38.9%。生态系统格局从2000–2010年发生了较大的改变。森林面积增加了 2.58%，灌木和草地分别增加了 0.11%和 0.56%。农田生态系统变化最为显著，减少了3.30%。同时，城镇和水体变化较小，仅增长了0.21%和0.04%。相关性分析结果表明，人口的增加、经济的增长、城市化和地区发展规划是导致重庆生态系统格局演变的主要因素。森林和农田作为景观基质，对整体景观也有较大的贡献，它们之间的相互转变对重庆的景观格局和生态服务起着决定性的作用。 (3)重庆自然生态系统质量总体上呈现东高西低的趋势。生态系统质量的空间分布与海拔、坡度、降雨和温度的相关性较大，生态系统质量较高的区域主要集中在降雨丰富、温度偏低的高海拔、陡坡山区。近 10年来，重庆自然生态系统质量呈增加趋势，相关性分析结果表明，近年来地区温度的升高延长了植被的生长季节，提高了光合作用效率和水分利用率，促进了生态系统质量的提高。道路的发展，为生态恢复工程的实施创造了条件，有利于生态系统质量的改善。此外，森林工程的实施为地区森林质量的整体改善做出了一定贡献，新增森林生态系统整体质量偏低，需加大恢复力度，促进森林质量的提高。 (4)重庆2010年的土壤侵蚀量约为 2.23亿t/a，土壤保持量约为 14.69亿 t/a。利用市场价值法，机会成本法和影子工程法评价了各类生态系统土壤保持的生态价值。研究区 2010年土壤保持价值相对于2000年有所提升，2010年生态系统因防止土壤侵蚀而产生的土壤保持总价值约为 6.18×105万元。各生态系统类型中，森林生态系统土壤保持价值量最大 3.3×105万元，约为总量的 53.9%。 (5)径流调节服务较强的区域主要分布在植被覆盖较好的地区，如西南自然保护区，西部主要山脉，东北部和东南部植被茂盛的高山地区。径流调节服务较弱的地区主要分布在主城区和植被稀疏或无植被覆盖的地区。从2000–2010年重庆径流调节能力呈升高趋势，增加了约 2.07%，生态系统径流调节量提高了 7.07亿m3。径流调节服务的增强主要是因为近些年来地区所实施的生态恢复工程，大范围的植树造林活动使森林面积逐年增加。此外，重庆径流调节服务变化还受大气 CO2浓度，温度和GDP密度的影响，其中人口密度的作用相对较小。 (6)生物多样性和生态系统服务具有较高的相关性。在生物多样性的保护区域存在着较高的生态系统服务，说明保护生物多样性的同时也保护了生态系统服务。然而，以生物多样性为主要保护目标的规划体系并不能有效的提升生态系统服务的固有潜力。结合生物多样性和生态系统服务为保护目标，结果表明在重要区保护区域内，生境质量状况较好，同时生态系统服务也提供较多。 (7)采用情景分析的方法，建立了5种土地管理情景，基于InVEST模型，USLE模拟了3种生态系统服务在不同情景下的变化。结果表明：以生态工程实施后所产生的生态价值作为评价基础，情景 4 (径流调节服务为主要目标)是可持续土地利用管理的最优策略，因为在这种情景下人们的直接农业收益受到损失最小，而其他服务功能却能得到显著的提高。
英文摘要	From the perspective of complex ecosystem, ecosystem services are the benefits supplied to human societies by natural ecosystems. This grouped ecosystem services into four broad categories: provisioning, such as the production of food and water;regulating, such as the control of climate and disease; supporting, such as nutrient cycles and crop pollination; and cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits. Chongqing region, one of the most important ecological zones in China, is located on the upper reaches of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) , the site of the largest dam project in the world. The status of the ecosystem functions in Chongqing has direct impacts on the TGRA. Recently, rapid population growth and urban development in this region have increased the demand for food, housing and factories, which have led to complex changes in ecosystem types. In addition, global changes in climate have also highlighted the role of ecosystem services and climate change mitigation and adaption. In this study, based on GIS and RS, we applied models and mathematical simulations to estimate the provision of ecosystem services in Chongqing region and analysed the effects of climate and human activities on the spatial variations in changes of ecosystem services from 2000 to 2010. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Recently, the implement of ecological restoration project including the grain for green project and natural forest protection project led to the rising of incomes and socio–economic development. It also has played a very important role in building the green barrier on Three Gorges Reservoir, accelerating rural industrial tructure adjustment, promoting sustainable social and economic development. (2) The dominant ecosystem type in the study area was cropland, and forest was the second major ecosystem type, which occupied around 36.34% of the study area in 2000 and 38.91% in 2010. Obvious ecosystem changes could be observed during the research period. The area under forest increased by 2.58%, and shrub and grassland increased by 0.11% and 0.56%, respectively, during the 11–year period.Cropland decreased signiﬁcantly by approximately 3.30%. Meanwhile, urbanized areas and bodies of water increased slightly (0.21% and 0.04%, respectively). Changes such as the increase in forest and decrease in cropland, showed that evolution in ecosystem patterns was mainly driven by human activity, especially ecological restoration projects, such as forest engineering, greenbelt construction projects, grain–to–green projects and natural forest protection projects. Especially in areas with steep slopes and at high altitude, where serious soil erosion risks remain,projects included tree planting, aerial planting, returning farmland to forest and grassland, closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation and other measures to protect the existing forest resources, and these have been strictly implemented strictly and are taking effect. The distribution of croplands in the areas with gentle slopes and low altitude, coupled with dense population and greater human disturbance, declined rapidly. This is probably the result of a growing population, urbanization and the development of economy in this area. Speciﬁcally, forest engineering projects have accelerated the development of the regional economy, which usually leads to the rapid increase in nursery base areas (i.e. a transition from cropland to shrub and forest) . (3) Natural ecosystem quality here exhibited evident spatial heterogeneities,divided according to latitude, and reduced gradually from east to west. The spatial variation characteristics of ecosystem quality are formed by interactions between the inﬂuencing factors (climatic interaction and human activities).The partial correlation between ecosystem quality in 2010 and latitude, slope, precipitation and temperature was positively correlated and statistically signiﬁcant. With the rapid development of social economy and traffic, local government had abundant funds and convenient traffic condition for the implementation of ecological restoration project, which led to the improvement of ecosystem quality in typical area. (4) The total amount of soil loss and soil conservation service in Chongqing region are 2.23×108 t/a and 14.69×108 t/a, respectively. And the soil conservation service has been improved from 2000 to 2010 as a result of vegetation restoration. Moreover, the market valuation, opportunity cost and shadow engineering methods were used to evaluate the ecological value of soil conservation service. The total value of soil conservation service in 2010 is about 6.18×109 yuan (RMB) /a. Additionally, ecosystems located in the counties of Wuxi, Chengkou and Fengjie, those in the east mountain areas, performed much better than the west, from the erosion control perspective, and generally displayed a much higher ecological value than the others with a capacity of >2×108 yuan/a. Among all ecosystem types, the forest is superior in the total amount and capacity of soil conservation service value. These results provide specific information, which may serve to strengthen the necessary public awareness about protecting and restoring ecosystems. (5) Water ﬂow regulation displayed great heterogeneity in terms of its spatial distribution, with mountainous area generally performing better than flat agricultural areas and developed urban areas. Obvious changes could be observed during the research period. The total amount of water flow regulation increased signiﬁcantly by approximately 2.07% from 2000 to 2010 (the increment of water flow regulation was 7.07×108 m3) . Places with positive changes mainly occurred in high mountain areas, whereas places with negative changes were mainly distributed in resettlement areas along the Yangtze River. As for the impacts, the spatial variation of water flow regulation in the Chongqing region had a significant relation with climate and human activities at the regional scale. These results provided specific information that could be used to strengthen necessary public awareness about the protection and restoration of ecosystems. (6) The significances of biodiversity and ecosystem services are gradually recognized by human as an approach towards sustainability, so it is important to understand relationships and congruence between them to support conservation planning, especially in the hotspot areas with a prominent role in conservation biology. Depending on biodiversity conservation, hotspot areas can conserve the largest habitat quality but with the least ecosystem services; In contrast, depending on the ecosystem services of interest, hotspot can conserve the largest ecosystem services but with the least habitat quality. Integrating biodiversity and ecosystem services into conservation plan, we found that the conservation and regeneration of these small areas would contribute to the larger ecosystem services, meanwhile, would conserve the larger habitat quality. Moreover, the current nature reserve selection was not maximize the biodiversity and ecosystem services compared to integration strategy, indicating that hotspot conservation and selection is vital for optimization protection of biodiversity and ecosystem services, and has practical significance for natural resources and ecosystem management. (7) Scenario 4 was determined to be the optimal land use management strategy since it guarantees direct benefits while also increasing hydrological ecosystem services. Our findings provide valuable information on congruence and divergence among important areas and the improvement of ecosystem services. It also indicate that a systematic and comprehensive approach for scenario simulation and prediction that can have wide-ranging policy implications in terms of optimizing ecological restoration strategies for multiple ecosystem services.
内容类型	学位论文
源URL	[http://ir.rcees.ac.cn/handle/311016/34449]
专题	生态环境研究中心_城市与区域生态国家重点实验室
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	肖洋. 区域生态系统服务变化与预测研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2015.